Manufacturing and Process Scale-Up
Nanobubbles (NBs), a nanovesicle system comprising a perfluorocarbon core and a phospholipid layer, are versatile drug delivery systems able to deliver various cargos, ranging from gases to nucleic acids. Currently, the formulation of NBs involves high-shear homogenization to form nanoemulsion, with droplets of approx. 300 nm in diameter. This protocol is robust, but it is not possible either to scale down or scale up, nor to achieve smaller droplets (100-200 nm). We here systematically investigated the formulation of NB by using a turbulent mixing device (Nova™ Benchtop IJM, Helix Biotech).