(363) The Extended Potentiated Anticoagulant Effect of Novel Warfarin-α-Tocopherol–Chitosan Nanoparticles

Introduction: Warfarin (WAF) has been the primary oral anticoagulant for over 60 years, but its efficacy is limited by pH variability, enzymatic degradation, erratic absorption, and a narrow therapeutic index requiring monitoring. Its poor solubility complicates oral use. Transdermal drug delivery (TDDS) offers sustained release, improved bioavailability, and fewer side effects. Encapsulation in chitosan (CS) nanoparticles enhances solubility, permeability, and anticoagulant effects. Co-formulation with α-Tocopherol enables lower WAF doses for safer, prolonged anticoagulation with enhanced efficacy.