Toolbox of self-propelled nanomotors for bladder cancer therapy

Self-propelled nanomotors overcome some of the challenges of passive nanoparticles, like fast transport, motion in biological fluids and tissue penetration. Urease is one of the most powerful enzymes to promote motion of nanoparticles in organs such as the bladder (1,2) where urea (its substrate) is abundant ensuring a continuous motion. We present a toolbox of urease-powered nanomotors for immuno-, radio- and chemotherapy to tackle challenges of treating bladder cancer, which is one of the most common and among the most expensive cancers to treat (3,4, 5).