Leveraging Cell-Penetrating Peptides and Liposomes to Enhance Nanobody Therapy in Breast Cancer

Introduction: Breast cancer remains the most common cancer in women [1], highlighting the need for more effective treatments. While biologics like Trastuzumab and ADCs such as Kadcyla are approved, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have limitations that reduce their efficacy [2]. Nanobodies, derived from camelid heavy-chain antibodies, offer better tumor penetration and stability but face rapid renal clearance [3,4]. Modifying nanobodies with cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) and incorporating them into CPP-modified liposomes presents an innovative strategy to ameliorate the pharmacokinetics further.