Micro-to-nano oncolytic microbial therapy for spatiotemporal targeting of tumors and TDLNs

Introduction: Tumor-draining lymph nodes (TDLNs) are crucial in tumor metastasis and immune regulation. Clinical studies suggest that sentinel lymph node dissection does not significantly improve survival and may reduce immunotherapy efficacy. To address this, we propose a novel micro-to-nano oncolytic microbial therapy. Under electrotherapy, this system secretes nanoscale bacterial membrane vesicles (BMVs) within the tumor, transforming from micro to nano. This process precisely modulates the immune environment of TDLNs, enhancing tumor immunotherapy.