Evaluation of the effects of TiO2 Nanoparticles conjugated with fluorescein on retinal angiography

Introduction: Fundus Fluorescein Angiography (FFA) is a widely utilized diagnostic technique for retinal and choroidal disorders [1]. However, the use of sodium fluorescein in FFA is associated with side effects ranging from mild to severe adverse reactions [2]. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (NPTiO2) have demonstrated significant potential in various biomedical applications and are normally rapidly eliminated from the body [3,4]. In this study, ultrasmall NPTiO2 conjugated with sodium fluorescein was synthesized and evaluated for its potential to improve FFA procedures.