Oral nanotherapeutics for precision targeting of antigen presenting cells in type 1 diabetes

Introduction: Introduction and

Objective: Induction of tolerogenic antigen presenting cells (APCs) is an emerging immunotherapy for type 1 diabetes. In addition, the development of an oral immunotherapy is challenging due to poor bioavailability, limited distribution to APCs and intracellular targets. Currently, one preventive therapy, an anti-CD3 antibody, Teplizumab, demonstrates efficacy of immune modulation, however avoiding immune-suppressive side effects is critical.